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Objective:To investigate the histopathological and immunohistochemical changes of gastric fundus and duodenum after bariatric embolization of left gastric artery and gastroduodenal artery in obesity New Zealand rabbit models.Methods:Twenty obesity New Zealand rabbit models were successfully established and divided into two groups using stratified randomization. Left gastric artery and gastroduodenal artery were embolized with gelatin sponge (350-560 μm) in experimental group, left gastric artery and gastroduodenal artery were perfused with normal saline in control group. All animals were sacrificed for pathological, immunohistochemical examination and Western Blot analysis 4 weeks post embolization, the density of ghrelin producing cells and the gray ratio of ghrelin protein band were measured and compared by the independent sample t test. Results:Macropathological examination showed ulceration in the anterior wall of the gastric body in one rabbit, histopathological examination showed mucosa ulceration in the gastric body in 3 rabbits in experimental group. Immunohistochemical examination showed that the ghrelin producing cells of gastric fundus and duodenum in the experimental group were significantly less than those in the control group (10.0±5.1 vs.27.7±3.4, t=12.35, P<0.05;5.6±2.6 vs. 12.3±2.1, t=4.73, P<0.05). Western Blot analysis showed that the gray ratio of ghrelin bands of gastric fundus and duodenum in the experimental group were significantly lower than that in the control group (0.65±0.05 vs.1.12±0.09, t=9.62, P<0.05;0.55±0.03 vs. 0.94±0.08, t=7.98, P<0.05). Conclusions:Immunohistochemical and Western Blot analysis showed that the ghrelin-producing cells of gastric fundus and duodenum in the experimental group were significantly less than those in the control group after bariatric embolization, histopathologic analysis indicated that bariatric embolization was a safe technique.
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Severe frostbite (grade Ⅲ to Ⅳ) is a common disease accompanied with high disability rate in cold regions, especially for military training and disaster events in cold regions. The treatment of severe frostbite mainly includes rapid rewarming in the early stage and amputation in the later stage; while the damage of vascular endothelial cells, microvascular thrombosis, and decreased tissue perfusion secondary to severe frostbite are important factors affecting prognosis. Transcatheter arterial thrombolysis is a new technique for the treatment of severe frostbite. It has the advantages of minimally invasive, high safety, and significantly reduced amputation rate. We reviewed the advances in the research of transcatheter arterial thrombolysis for the treatment of severe frostbite.
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Raman spectroscopy is amplified by surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanoparticles(SERS-NPs),and Raman signal can be enhanced by SERS-NPs,which can achieve high-resolution imaging of tumors.Meanwhile,SERS-NPs have high molecular specificity and sensitivity,showing a good prospect of tumor diagnosis and treatment.The advantages of SERS-NPs and its application in tumor diagnosis and treatment,and related experimental studies are reviewed in this article.
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Cirrhosis is an advanced stage of liver fibrosis that causes fatal complications and and threats human health.Liver transplantation is the preferred treatment method of cirrhosis patients,but the therapeutic effect of liver transplantation is limited.In recent years,researchers at home and abroad have proposed the concept of cell replacement therapy for liver cirrhosis.Among them,mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a wide range of sources,the MSCs can inhibit immunity and reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines,and they can also be induced to differentiate into hepatocytes to mitigate fibrosis,which become the preferred drug of cell replacement therapy for cirrhosis.Here,we mainly reviewed the mesenchymal stem cells from the features,the mechanisms of treatment for cirrhosis,and recent experimental studies and clinical trials.
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Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) in the management of refractory hematuria of prostatic origin (RHPO). Methods This retrospective study from 6 hospitals in china consisted of 31 patients (mean age 75.0±7.5 years, range 58 to 84 years) who underent transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for RHPO between February 2011 and January 2017. Patients with RHPO who had complete imaging and clinical data were enrolled. Patients with incomplete clinical data, inability to assess hemostasis, and contraindications to TAE were excluded. The cause of RHPO was benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in nine patients, prostate cancer in twelve, transurethral resection of prostate in four, open prostatectomy in two and prostatic sarcoma in four. Superselective arterial embolization, non-superselective arterial embolization or intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy was performed according to the etiology and angiography. Angiographic findings, technical success rate, clinical success rate, complications were recorded. Results Of the 31 patients, 6 patients (19.4％) were with active bleeding, 4 (12.9％) with aneurysm and 27 (87.1％) with abnormal neovascularization on the angiogram. The 31 patients underwent a totle of 37 TAE, the technical success rate was 100.0％(37/37) and the recent hemostasis success rate was 90.3％(28/31). The incidence of mild complications was 38.7％(13/31), there was no serious complication associated with TAE. Conclusion TAE is a safe and effective method for the treatment of refractory hematuria of prostatic origin.
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Objective To compare the effectiveness and safety of two different treatment methods for patients with polycystic liver disease using super selective hepatic arterial embolization. Methods This retrospective study enrolled 41 patients with polycystic liver disease treated from June 2008 to June 2016 in the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital. The patients underwent transcatheter super-selective hepatic arterial embdization (TAE). There were 5 men and 36 women. The age ranged from 36 to 68 years. The patients were divided into the observation group (n=14) and the control group ( n=27). The observation group underwent treatment using an emulsion of iodized oil and bleomycin and N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate. The control group underwent iodized oil and N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate. The clinical symptoms, operative complications, volumes of intrahepatic cysts, hepatic parenchyma volumes of pre-TAE and post-TAE at 3, 6 months and every 6 monthly were compared. Results TAE was technically successful in all the patients. The follow-up periods ranged from 24 to 72 months. The clinical symptoms improved re-markably in the observation group at 3 month, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months, being 92. 9% (13/14), 92. 9% (13/14), 92. 9% (13/14), 92. 3% (12/13), respectively. One patient was lost to follow-up 24 months after operation. The clinical symptoms improved remarkably in the control group at 3 month, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months, being 88. 9% ( 24/27 ), 85. 2% (23/27), 84. 6% ( 22/26 ), 81. 8% (18/22), respectively. One patient was lost to follow-up 12 months after operation and five patients were lost to follow-up 24 months after operation. Compared with preoperative, the abdominal circumference of two groups had decreased, the total volume of intrahepatic cyst and liver decreased at 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months after surgery (P＜0. 05). Conclusions TAE was a safe and effective treatment for polycystic liver disease. Patients in the observation group had more effective treatment outcomes on follow-up.
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Objective To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of super-selective hepatic artery embolization (TAE) and bleomycin hydrochloride in treatment of liver hemangioma.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 132 patients treated for liver hemangioma from January 2011 to December 2014.The patients underwent super-selective TAE.There were 26 men and 106 women.The age ranged from 29.0 to 65.0 (46.0±8.0) years.An emulsion of iodized oil and bleomycin and polyvinyl alcohol particle (PVA) was used for the TAE.Routine follow-up visits on post-treatment Days 3 and 7 were carried out to detect complications and changes in liver function.The diameters of the lesions pre-TAE and at 6,12 and every 12 months thereafter were monitored.Results TAE was technically successful in all these patients.The range of follow-up was 3～6 years.The successful rates of treatment at 6 month,12 months,24 months,and 36 months,were 100％,100％,96.9％ and 90.6％,respectively.Conclusion TAE with an emulsion of iodized oil and bleomycin and PVA was a safe and efficacious treatment for liver hemangioma on long-term follow-up.
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The development of hepatocellular carcinoma is insidious and rapid.Most patients can not undergo surgery after diagnosis.Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is considered to be the best modality for treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.However,there are some bottlenecks in TACE,such as low targeting of chemotherapy drugs and incomplete treatment.How to improve the curative effect of TACE has become a key issue in the interventional treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.In recent years,the study of nano-drug delivery systems has been expected to solve these problems,and has become a hot spot in the field of targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.In this paper,the current research status of nano-drug delivery systems and its application in the interventional-targeted therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma are reviewed.
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Objective To study the clinical efficacy of Dyna computer tomography (Dyna CT) guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) followed immediately by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in the treatment of large solitary hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC),and to provide the basis for the rational use of Dyna CT.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 23 patients with a large solitary hepatocellular carcinoma (tumor diameter ≥5 cm) who were admitted to Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2014 to October 2015 and treated with Dyna CT guided RFA followed immediately by TACE.After treatment,the success rate of the combined technique,the treatment time,the radiation dose received by the patient,the complication and the efficacy of the combined therapy were evaluated.Results The success rate of the combined technique was 100％.The treatment time was (45.3 ± 4.8) min.The radiation exposure dose was (730.5 ± 78.8) mGy.There was no serious complication after treatment.The complete remission rate of the targeted lesion was 91.3 ％ (21/23),the partial remission rate was 8.7 ％ (2/23).On follow-up,5 patients had died.The 6,12,18 month survival rates were 100％,81.5％ and 48.0％,respectively.Conclusions Dyna CT guided RFA for a large solitary HCC was efficacious and safe.The immediate combination of TACE with RFA provided a new alternative strategy for the treatment of a large solita-ry HCC.Dyna CT has important clinical values.
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Objective To investigate weight, ghrelin changes following transcatheter left gastric artery embolization in rabbit model of obesity, and evaluate its safety. Methods Thirty New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into three groups, ten New Zealand rabbits in each group, group A:left gastric artery embolization using gelatin sponge, group B:left gastric artery and gastroduodenal artery embolization using gelatin sponge, group C (control group): left gastric artery and gastroduodenal artery perfusion using normal saline. Ghrelin, weight and liver and kidney function were measured at preoperative and postoperative 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks. T test was used to compare the differences in the levels of preoperative and postoperative average ghrelin, weight, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), creatinine and urea in each group. The ANOVA of repeated measurement was used to compare the difference of preoperative and postoperative each time points between the three groups. Results The preoperative and postoperative ghrelin levels in group A were (4057±61)and (3708±141) pg/ml with statistically significant differences (t=4.5, P<0.05). The preoperative and postoperative ghrelin levels in group B were (4137 ± 89) and (3608 ± 239) pg/ml with statistically significant differences (t=6.8, P<0.05). The preoperative and postoperative ghrelin levels in the control group were (3986 ± 82)and (4044 ± 72) pg/ml with no statistically significant differences (t=0.7, P>0.05). The level of ghrelin in group B decreased significantly compared with group A and the difference was statistically significant (t=3.8, P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in postoperative ghrelin levels between the three groups (F=15.6, P<0.05). The preoperative and postoperative weight in group A were (6.12±0.38)and (5.66±0.39) kg with statistically significant differences (t=2.7, P<0.05). The preoperative and postoperative weight in group B were (5.99 ± 0.57)and (5.24 ± 0.61) kg with statistically significant differences (t=3.1, P<0.05). The preoperative and postoperative weight in the control group were (5.94 ± 0.45)and (6.24 ± 0.42) kg with no statistically significant differences (t=1.2, P>0.05). The weight loss of group B was significantly greater than that of group A and the difference was statistically significant (t=5.2, P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in postoperative weight between the three groups (F=5.1, P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in ALT, AST, creatinine and urea levels at preoperative and postoperative each time points in each group (P>0.05). Conclusion Left gastric artery embolization can become a safe and effective minimally invasive treatment for obesity and left gastric artery and gastroduodenal artery embolization at the same time could achieve more weight loss.
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Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of prostatic arterial embolization as a primary treatment for patients with lower urinary tract symptoms as a result of large benign prostatic hyperplasia.Methods This was a prospective,single-center study enrolling 64 patients with prostates>80 ml from January 2010 to December 2013.Prostatic arterial embolization was carried out using a combination of 50 μm and 100 μm particles.Clinical follow up was carried out using the International Prostate Symptom Score, quality of life, peak urinary flow, postvoid residual volume, International Index of Erectile Function Short Form, prostate-specific antigen, and prostatic volume at 1, 3, 6 month following embolization, the parameters were compared by using t test. Results Prostatic arterial embolization was technically successful in 60 of 64 patients (93.8%). Follow-up data were available for 60 patients with a mean of 18 months,a total of 42 patients had completed the follow up at 24 months after prostatic arterial embolization. A clinical improvement,defined as reduction of International Prostate Symptom Score and increase of peak urinary flow, at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months and 24 months, was achieved in 95.0%(57/60), 95.0%(57/60),93.3%(56/60),92.6%(50/54) and 90.5%(38/42), respectively. There was an improvement in terms of mean International Prostate Symptom Score, mean quality of life, mean peak urinary flow, mean post-void residual volume and prostatic volume were significantly different with respect to baseline(all P<0.05).No serious complications occurred.Conclusion Prostatic arterial embolization appears to be a safe and effective treatment method for patients with lower urinary tract symptoms as a result of large benign prostatic hyperplasia.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma is a commonly-seen malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality all over the world.With the rapid development of molecular biology and scientific technology,in treating HCC the use of nano knife technology,which is developed on the principle of irreversible electroporation,has come into clinicians' consideration.The authors are hereby making a comprehensive review about nano knife,focusing on the principles of nano knife therapy for liver cancer,the advantages of nano knife,and the latest developments in clinical practice and researches,etc.
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Large hepatocellular carcinoma,of which diameter is considered to be ≥ 5 cm,has mostly invaded vascular system or been liver function reserve loss when found,resulting in opportunities to surgical therapy are lost.Combined interventional therapy based on transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) has become one of the main treatments for the surgically unresectable large hepatocellular carcinoma.In particular,TACE combined local ablation has gradually replaced the interventional therapy model of TACE alone.The current combination therapy is mainly sequential combination.With the development of imaging equipment,real-time synchronization is becoming increasingly important and has become one of the current research hotspots.This article focuses on the research status and perspectives of image guidance,local ablation methods,the order of the joint,the number of times and the timing of the joint situation of TACE combined local ablation in treatment of large hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Objective To evaluate the feasibility and safety of hypothermic perfusion via renal artery balloon catheter before laparoscopic partial nephrectomy.Methods A total of 35 patients,who were arranged to receive laparoscopic partial nephrectomy during the period from March 2013 to December 2016 at the General Hospital of PLA,China,were enrolled in this study.The tumor was located in the left kidney in 22 patients and in the right kidney in 13 patients.The long diameter of the tumors was 2.3-7.0 cm,with a mean of (4.1±1.2) cm.Before laparoscopic partial nephrectomy,the implantation of renal artery balloon catheter was performed in all patients.The intraoperative renal cold-ischemia time,the time spent for operation and the amount of intraoperative blood loss were recorded.The creatinine clearance rate (Ccr) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were determined before operation as well as at one,3 and 7 days after operation.The intraoperative and postoperative complications were analyzed.Results Successful implantation of renal artery balloon catheter was accomplished in all 35 patients,with the technical success rate being 100％.Slipping of balloon catheter before laparoscopic partial nephrectomy occurred in one patient;in 2 patients incomplete occlusion of renal artery was found during operation and artery forceps had to be used to occlude the renal artery.In the other 32 patients,laparoscopic partial nephrectomy under the condition of hypothermic perfusion via renal artery balloon catheter was successfully carried out.No severe complications occurred during and after the operation.The average cold-ischemia time of the diseased kidney was 45 (20-125) min,the mean time for interventional procedure was 28 (20-40) min,the average surgery time was 147(95-235) min,the average amount of intraoperative blood loss was 180(50-1000) ml.The Ccr values determined before and at one,3,7 days after nephrectomy were (96.5±15.1),(75.2±10.5),(54.3±13.8) and (91.8±14.1) ml/min respectively.The eGFR values determined before and at one,3,7 days after nephrectomy were (99.5±15.3),(70.3±12.5),(65.5±11.7) and (96.8±12.3) ml·min-1·m-2 respectively.Statistical analysis indicated that in both groups the preoperative and 7-day postoperative Ccr values and eGFR values were significantly different from their one-day and 3-day postoperative values (P＜0.01),but no statistically significant differences existed between preoperative values and 7-day postoperative ones (P＞0.05).Conclusion Hypothermic perfusion via renal artery balloon catheter before laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is clinically safe and feasible,it can prolong the safe time of renal ischemia and protect renal function.
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Objective@#To investigate the clinical effect of ultraselective transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) originating from the caudate lobe.@*Methods@#A retrospective analysis was performed for 13 patients with solitary HCC originating from the caudate lobe who were admitted to Department of Interventional Radiology in PLA General Hospital from March 2013 to December 2016. A 2.6-F microcatheter was used to perform ultraselective TACE, and the embolization material was ultra-liquefied iodinated oil. The number of tumor-feeding arteries, success rate and short-term efficacy of ultraselective technique, and long-term survival were evaluated after surgery.@*Results@#Of all patients, 8 (61.5%) had a single tumor-feeding artery and 5 (38.5%) had multiple tumor-feeding arteries. The success rate of ultraselective technique was 84.6% (11/13). The complete remission rate at 1 month after ultraselective TACE was 63.6% (7/11). During the follow-up period after the expiration date, 10 out of 11 patients who underwent successful ultraselective TACE survived, and one out of two patients who underwent failed ultraselective TACE survived.@*Conclusion@#Ultraselective TACE has good feasibility, clinical effect, and safety in the treatment of HCC originating from the caudate lobe, with an important clinical significance in the prognosis of such disease.
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For the treatment of liver tumors,interventional therapy is becoming more and more important.The development of interventional therapy relies on the development and application of new materials,new equipment and new drugs,and the preclinical animal testing of these applications is an important part of assessing the safety and effectiveness of interventional procedures.The animal HCC model plays an important leading role in exploring the new approach of interventional therapy.However,the animal HCC models which are suitable for experimental researches are limited,at present,the animal HCC models are mainly confined to rats and rabbits.Due to the limitation of animal body shape,routine interventional instruments and equipment are not suitable to perform interventional procedures for some small animals.Nowadays,there is still a shortage of devices for interventional hepatic artery surgery in mice,and interventional instruments for rats are also limited.This paper aims to make a summary about the types of HCC model in rats and rabbits which are often used in the experimental researches,the modeling methods,the interventional procedures,the anesthesia and imaging examinations,etc.
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Objective To evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in treating primary hepatic carcinoma (PHC) complicated by tumor thrombus in inferior vena cava and right atrium (IVC-RA).Methods A total of 17 patients with PHC complicated by tumor thrombus in IVC-RA were included in this study.After the tumor-feeding arteries were confirmed with selective arteriography,TACE was carried out.The used embolization materials included chemotherapy drug-lipiodol emulsion and particle type embolic materials,and the target arteries included branches of hepatic artery,right inferior phrenic artery,branches of left gastric artery,etc.All patients were periodically followed up,and further treatment would be conducted if it was necessary.Results A total of 45 interventional procedures were performed in the 17 patients and all procedures were successful without any significant complication.Explicit blood supply arteries of IVC-RA tumor thrombus were observed in all the 17 patients,including hepatic artery branches (n=12) and extra-hepatic arteries (n=9),which included left gastric artery (n=1) and right inferior phrenic artery (n=8).CT reexamination showed that lipiodol deposition in IVC-RA tumor thrombus was found in 15 patients.In the 17 patients,the median survival time was 12 months,and the one-year and 2-year overall survival rates were 52.9％ and 29.4％ respectively.Conclusion IVC-RA tumor thrombus has rich blood supply,and its main blood supply arteries include hepatic artery and right inferior phrenic artery.For the treatment of PHC associated with IVC-RA tumor thrombus,TACE is safe and effective.
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Objective To investigate the factors that may affect the prognosis of patients with moderate-advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who are receiving sorafonib therapy.Methods The clinical data of 38 HCC patients,whose diagnoses were confirmed by pathology or clinical imaging and were in accord with the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging criteria,were retrospectively analyzed.Sorafenib 400 mg was orally given twice everyday,and according to modified RECIST criteria the tumor response was evaluated once every 4-6 weeks,the adverse events were recorded,and the drug toxicity was evaluated by grading standard 3.0 edition for common adverse reactions formulated by American National Cancer Institute.Results Among the 38 patients,one patient developed hepatic encephalopathy after took sorafenib for two weeks,and medication had to be stopped.Of other 37 patients,14 patients developed pancreatic atrophy in different degrees (positive group),the median progression free survival (mPFS) was 9.0 months,and the median overall survival (mOS) was 25.8 months;pancreatic atrophy didn't occurred in the remaining 23 patients (negative group),the mPFS was 3.3 months,and the mOS was 8.4 months.The differences in mPFS and in mOS between the two groups were statistically significant (P＜0.01 and P=0.025respectively).The main adverse events included hand-foot skin reaction,diarrhea,fatigue and weight loss,which were relieved after symptomatic treatment,and no severe untoward effect occurred.Conclusion Certain correlation exists between pancreatic atrophy and the curative effect of sorafenib.For patients who develop severe diarrhea associated with pancreatic atrophy,a longer survival time as well as a longer stable state of disease can be expected.(J Intervent Radiol,2017,26:258-262)
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Objective To summarize our experience with surgical management of renal neoplasm involving inferoir veno cava.Methods We review the data of 115 patients,including 74 male patients and 41 female patients,with renal neoplasm involving venous system between March 1993 and December 2015.The mean age was 52 years old,ranging 22 to 77 years old.The tumor was found in right side in 77 cases and left side in 38 cases.There were 15 patients (13.0％) with renal vein thrombus,38 (33.1％) with infrahepatic thrombus,29 (25.2％) with low retrohepatic thrombus,20 (17.4％) with high retrohepatic thrombus,and 13 (11.3％) with supradiaphragmatic thrombus.The mean age was 52 years old,ranging 22 to 77 years old.The tumor was found in right side in 77 cases and left side in 38 cases.All patients accepted the radical nephrectomy.Primary outcomes were overall survival (OS),and cancer special survival (CSS) in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) estimated by Kaplan-Meier method.Secondary outcome included operative and oncological features,past-operative complications and hospital mortality.Cox proportional hazard model was used to univariate and multivariate analysis for risk factor impacting on OS of RCC patients.Results Complete resections of renal neoplasm with tumor thrombus were achieved in 113 patients (98.3％),2 patients died intraoperatively due to the dropping of thrombus.Postoperative complication rate was 16.8％.Hospital mortality was 2.6％.Mean follow-up interval was 48 months.OS rates at 5-,and 10-year in RCC patients were 66.5％,and 61.8％,respectively.Metastasis was an independent risk factor affecting on OS (P =0.000).However,the level of thrombus was not an risk factor affecting the prognosis.Conclusions Radical resection of renal tumor and caval thrombus is an effective treatment for prolonging survival in patients with RCC extending into venous system.Retrohepatic caval tumor thrombus below or above the main hepatic vein should be dichotomized and managed respectively with diverse techniques.Metastatic rather than the level of thrombus was a risk factor impacting on RCC patient survival.
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Objective To explore the utility of cone-beam CT in the evaluation of prostatic arterial embolization (PAE). Methods In a retrospective study, images of DSA and cone-beam CT for PAE in 81 patients with moderate to severe grade benign prostatic hyperplasia were evaluated. In 162 cases of internal iliac arteries (ⅡAs) in 81 patients, images of 6 ⅡAs were excluded due to the technical problems. Therefore, images of 156ⅡAs were included for evaluation. We aim to evaluate the utility of cone-beam CT versus DSA in differentiating PAs and their origins, and demonstrating anastomoses with adjacent arteries. Statistical analyses were performed with Chi-square test to compare the rate of demonstrating vessels between cone-beam CT and DSA. Results One hundred and sixty-one PAs were demonstrated in 156ⅡAs by selective DSA and Cone-beam CT. Cone-beam CT and DSA images demonstrated 158 (98.1%, 158/161) and 130 (80.8%, 130/161) PAs, respectively. The statistical difference was significant (χ2=25.78, P cone-beam CT and DSA images. The percentage of PA anastomoses demonstrated by cone-beam CT was 42.3%(66/156), which was higher than DSA (31.4%, 49/156). The statistical difference was significant (χ2=3.98, P<0.05). Conclusions Cone-beam CT is useful in demonstrating PAs and their origins fromⅡAs, as well as anastomoses with adjacent arteries.